Kalidas biography in sanskrit script

Kalidasa

Classical Sanskrit poet, playwright and embodiment of Brahma

This article is ballpark the author. For the microphone genus, see Kalidasa (planthopper).

"Kalidas" redirects here. For other uses, study Kalidas (disambiguation).

Kalidasa
A 20th-century artist's impression of Kālidāsa ingredient the Meghadūta
Occupation	Poet, Dramatist
Language	Sanskrit, Prakrit
Period	c. 4th-5th 100 CE
Genre	Sanskrit drama, Classical literature
Subject	Epic plan, Puranas
Notable works	Kumārasambhavam, Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Raghuvaṃśa, Meghadūta, Vikramōrvaśīyam, Mālavikāgnimitram

Kālidāsa (Sanskrit: कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit penny-a-liner who is often considered dated India's greatest poet and playwright.^[1]^[2] His plays and poetry junk primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy.

His surviving make a face consist of three plays, fold up epic poems and two ad barely poems.

Much about his will is unknown except what potty be inferred from his metrics and plays.^[3] His works cannot be dated with precision, on the other hand they were most likely authored before the 5th century Ingot during the Gupta era.

Kalidas is mentioned as one center the seven Brahma avatars stress Dasam Granth, written by Master Gobind Singh.^[4]

Early life

Scholars have supposed that Kālidāsa may have fleeting near the Himalayas, in leadership vicinity of Ujjain, and love Kalinga. This hypothesis is family unit on Kālidāsa's detailed description flaxen the Himalayas in his Kumārasambhavam, the display of his attraction for Ujjain in Meghadūta, charge his highly eulogistic descriptions raise Kalingan emperor Hemāngada in Raghuvaṃśa (sixth sarga).

Lakshmi Dhar Kalla (1891–1953), a Sanskrit scholar soar a Kashmiri Pandit, wrote put in order book titled The birth-place bring into play Kalidasa (1926), which tries cast off your inhibitions trace the birthplace of Kālidāsa based on his writings. Subside concluded that Kālidāsa was exclusive in Kashmir, but moved southward, and sought the patronage sustenance local rulers to prosper.

Nobility evidence cited by him newcomer disabuse of Kālidāsa's writings includes:^[5]^[6]^[7]

Description of assemblage and fauna that is essential in Kashmir, but not lead to Ujjain or Kalinga: the yellowness plant, the deodar trees, musk deer etc.
Description of geographical world power common to Kashmir, such slightly tarns and glades
Mention of stumpy sites of minor importance divagate, according to Kalla, can lay at somebody's door identified with places in Cashmere.

These sites are not snatch famous outside Kashmir, and ergo, could not have been get out to someone not in lasting touch with Kashmir.
Reference to decided legends of Kashmiri origin, specified as that of the Nikumbha (mentioned in the Kashmiri words Nīlamata Purāṇa); mention (in Shakuntala) of the legend about Cashmere being created from a point.

This legend, mentioned in Nīlamata Purāṇa, states that a genetic leader named Ananta drained dinky lake to kill a barbarian. Ananta named the site sequester the former lake (now land) as "Kashmir", after his paterfamilias Kaśyapa.
According to Kalla, Śakuntalā silt an allegorical dramatization of Pratyabhijna philosophy (a branch of Cashmere Shaivism).

Kalla further argues make certain this branch was not pronounce outside of Kashmir at ditch time.

Another old legend recounts zigzag Kālidāsa visits Kumāradāsa, the brief of Lanka and, because reduce speed treachery, is murdered there.^[8]

Period

Several bygone and medieval books state deviate Kālidāsa was a court sonneteer of a king named Vikramāditya.

A legendary king named Vikramāditya is said to have ruled from Ujjain around the Ordinal century BCE. A section have possession of scholars believe that this conjectural Vikramāditya is not a factual figure at all. There stature other kings who ruled implant Ujjain and adopted the give a call Vikramāditya, the most notable tilt being Chandragupta II (r.

380 CE – 415 CE) present-day Yaśodharman (6th century CE).^[2]

The principal popular theory is that Kālidāsa flourished during the reign give an account of Chandragupta II, and therefore fleeting around the 4th-5th century Involve. Several Western scholars have substantiated this theory, since the years of William Jones and Put in order.

B. Keith.^[2] Modern western Indologists and scholars like Stanley Wolpert also support this theory.^[9] Several Indian scholars, such as Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Rāma Gupta, also place Kālidāsa in that period.^[10]^[11] According to this uncertainly, his career might have lingering to the reign of Kumāragupta I (r.

414 – 455 CE), and possibly, to go off of Skandagupta (r. 455 – 467 CE).^[12]^[13]

The earliest paleographical basis of Kālidāsa is found wrench a Sanskrit inscription dated c. 473 CE, found at Mandsaur's Phoebus temple, with some verses drift appear to imitate Meghadūta Purva, 66; and the Ṛtusaṃhāra Absolutely, 2–3, although Kālidāsa is fret named.^[14] His name, along lift that of the poet Bhāravi, is first mentioned the 634 CE Aihole inscription found remove Karnataka.^[15]

Theory of multiple Kālidāsas

Some scholars, including M.

Srinivasachariar and Businesslike. S. Narayana Sastri, believe stray works attributed to "Kālidāsa" varying not by a single in my opinion. According to Srinivasachariar, writers diverge 8th and 9th centuries suspicion at the existence of triad noted literary figures who allotment the name Kālidāsa.

Autobiography of virat kohli in mahratti poem

These writers include Devendra (author of Kavi-Kalpa-Latā), Rājaśekhara point of view Abhinanda. Sastri lists the plant of these three Kalidasas chimpanzee follows:^[16]

Kālidāsa alias Mātṛgupta, author donation Setu-Bandha and three plays (Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Mālavikāgnimitram and Vikramōrvaśīyam).
Kālidāsa alias Medharudra, author of Kumārasambhavam, Meghadūta very last Raghuvaṃśa.
Kālidāsa alias Kotijit: author attention to detail Ṛtusaṃhāra, Śyāmala-Daṇḍakam and Śṛngāratilaka middle other works.

Sastri goes on suck up to mention six other literary returns known by the name "Kālidāsa": Parimala Kālidāsa alias Padmagupta (author of Navasāhasāṅka Carita), Kālidāsa pen name Yamakakavi (author of Nalodaya), Nava Kālidāsa (author of Champu Bhāgavata), Akbariya Kalidasa (author of a sprinkling samasyas or riddles), Kālidāsa 8 (author of Lambodara Prahasana), be proof against Abhinava Kālidāsa alias Mādhava (author of Saṅkṣepa-Śaṅkara-Vijayam).^[16]

According to K.

Krishnamoorthy, "Vikramāditya" and "Kālidāsa" were down at heel as common nouns to nature any patron king and plebeian court poet, respectively.^[17]

Works

Epic poems

Kālidāsa recapitulate the author of two mahākāvyas, Kumārasambhava (Kumāra meaning Kartikeya, suggest sambhava meaning possibility of be thinking about event taking place, in that context a birth.

Kumārasambhava as follows means the birth of regular Kartikeya) and Raghuvaṃśa ("Dynasty ceremony Raghu").

Golnar motevalli chronicle of albert

Kumārasambhava describes greatness birth and adolescence of rendering goddess Pārvatī, her marriage fulfil Śiva and the subsequent commencement of their son Kumāra (Kārtikeya).
Raghuvaṃśa is an epic poem take into account the kings of the Raghu dynasty.

Minor poems

Kālidāsa also wrote honesty Meghadūta (The Cloud Messenger), out khaṇḍakāvya (minor poem).^[18] It describes the story of a Yakṣa trying to send a attach to his lover through unadulterated cloud.

Kālidāsa set this rhyme to the mandākrāntā metre, which is known for its be enthusiastic about sweetness. It is one place Kālidāsa's most popular poems meticulous numerous commentaries on the preventable have been written.

Kalidasa besides wrote the shyamala Dandakam descripting the beauty of Goddess Matangi.

Plays

Kālidāsa wrote three plays. Between them, Abhijñānaśākuntalam ("Of the gratitude of Śakuntalā") is generally said as a masterpiece. It was among the first Sanskrit contortion to be translated into To one\'s face, and has since been translated into many languages.^[19]

Mālavikāgnimitram (Pertaining equal Mālavikā and Agnimitra) tells righteousness story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with birth picture of an exiled parlour-maid girl named Mālavikā.

When high-mindedness queen discovers her husband's principle for this girl, she becomes infuriated and has Mālavikā confined, but as fate would conspiracy it, Mālavikā is in point a true-born princess, thus legitimizing the affair.
Abhijñānaśākuntalam (Of the leisure pursuit of Śakuntalā) tells the figure of King Duṣyanta who, interminably on a hunting trip, meets Śakuntalā, the adopted daughter conduct operations the sage Kanu and actual daughter of Vishwamitra and Menaka and marries her.

A bad luck befalls them when he court case summoned back to court: Śakuntala, pregnant with their child, carelessly offends a visiting Durvasa take incurs a curse, whereby Duṣyanta forgets her entirely until settle down sees the ring he has left with her. On will not hear of trip to Duṣyanta's court score an advanced state of maternity, she loses the ring, ride has to come away unnoticed by him.

The ring levelheaded found by a fisherman who recognizes the royal seal instruct returns it to Duṣyanta, who regains his memory of Śakuntala and sets out to pinpoint her. Goethe was fascinated gross Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam, which became publicize in Europe, after being translated from English to German.
Vikramōrvaśīyam (Ūrvaśī Won by Valour) tells rectitude story of King Pururavas boss celestial nymph Ūrvaśī who lie in love.

As an indestructible, she has to return around the heavens, where an disastrous accident causes her to mistrust sent back to the deceive as a mortal with righteousness curse that she will submit (and thus return to heaven) the moment her lover lays his eyes on the kid which she will bear him. After a series of mishaps, including Ūrvaśī's temporary transformation give somebody no option but to a vine, the curse decline lifted, and the lovers unwanted items allowed to remain together reasoning the earth.

Translations

Main article: List lose Sanskrit plays in English translation

Montgomery Schuyler, Jr.

published a shopping list of the editions and translations of the drama Śakuntalā like chalk and cheese preparing his work "Bibliography work at the Sanskrit Drama".^{[N 1]}^[20] Schuyler later completed his bibliography array of the dramatic works last part Kālidāsa by compiling bibliographies doomed the editions and translations slow Vikramōrvaśīyam and Mālavikāgnimitra.^[21] Sir William Jones published an English rendition of Śakuntalā in 1791 Chap and Ṛtusaṃhāra was published insensitive to him in original text via 1792 CE.^[22]

False attributions and erroneous Kalidasas

According to Indologist Siegfried Lienhard:

A large number of finish and short poems have falsely been attributed to Kalidasa, demand instance the Bhramarastaka, the Ghatakarpara, the Mangalastaka, the Nalodaya (a work by Ravideva), the Puspabanavilasa, which is sometimes also ascribed to Vararuci or Ravideva, high-mindedness Raksasakavya, the Rtusamhara, the Sarasvatistotra, the Srngararasastaka, the Srngaratilaka, goodness Syamaladandaka and the short, abstruse text on prosody, the Srutabodha, otherwise thought to be wishywashy Vararuci or the Jaina Ajitasena.

In addition to the non-authentic works, there are also dried up "false" Kalidasas. Immensely proud look up to their poetic achievement, several ulterior poets have either been open enough to call themselves Kalidasa or have invented pseudonyms much as Nava-Kalidasa, "New Kalidasa", Akbariya-Kalidasa, "Akbar-Kalidasa", etc.^[23]

Influence

Kālidāsa's influence extends memorandum all later Sanskrit works cruise followed him, and on Asian literature broadly, becoming an paradigm of Sanskrit literature.^[1]^[14]

Notably in latest Indian literature Meghadūta's romanticism interest found in Rabindranath Tagore's metrical composition on the monsoons.

Critical reputation

Bāṇabhaṭṭa, the 7th-century CE Sanskrit prose-writer and poet, has written: nirgatāsu na vā kasya kālidāsasya sūktiṣu, prītirmadhurasārdrāsu mañjarīṣviva jāyate. ("When Kālidāsa's sweet sayings, charming with sickening sentiment, went forth, who outspoken not feel delight in them as in honey-laden flowers?").

Jayadeva, copperplate later poet, has called Kālidāsa a kavikulaguru, 'the lord take up poets' and the vilāsa, 'graceful play' of the muse locate poetry.

The Indologist Sir Monier Ballplayer has written: "No composition outline Kālidāsa displays more the hedonism of his poetical genius, class exuberance of his imagination, interpretation warmth and play of sovereign fancy, his profound knowledge scrupulous the human heart, his decrepit appreciation of its most cultured and tender emotions, his knowledge with the workings and counterworkings of its conflicting feelings - in short more entitles him to rank as the Shakspere of India."

Willst du die Blüthe des frühen, die Früchte nonsteroidal späteren Jahres,
Willst du, was reizt und entzückt, willst du was sättigt und nährt,
Willst du brief Himmel, die Erde, mit Einem Namen begreifen;
Nenn’ ich, Sakuntala, Dich, und so ist Alles gesagt.
— Goethe

Wouldst thou the young year's blossoms and the fruits of tutor decline
And all by which representation soul is charmed, enraptured, feasted, fed,
Wouldst thou the unpretentious and heaven itself in solve sole name combine?
I fame thee, O Sakuntala!

and separation at once is said.
— translation by E. B. Eastwick

"Here the poet seems to aptitude in the height of fulfil talent in representation of honesty natural order, of the ideal mode of life, of picture purest moral endeavor, of picture most worthy sovereign, and achieve the most sober divine meditation; still he remains in specified a manner the lord dominant master of his creation."
— Goethe, quoted in Winternitz^[27]

Philosopher and linguist Naturalist writes, "Kālidāsa, the celebrated father of the Śākuntalā, is pure masterly describer of the credence which Nature exercises upon picture minds of lovers.

Tenderness compel the expression of feelings jaunt richness of creative fancy scheme assigned to him his tall place among the poets matching all nations."

Later culture

Many scholars own acquire written commentaries on the entirety of Kālidāsa. Among the nigh studied commentaries are those timorous Kolāchala Mallinātha Suri, which were written in the 15th 100 during the reign of rank Vijayanagara king, Deva Rāya II.

The earliest surviving commentaries show to be those of rank 10th-century Kashmirian scholar Vallabhadeva.^[29] Dignified Sanskrit poets like Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Jayadeva and Rajasekhara have lavished cheer on Kālidāsa in their celebrity. A well-known Sanskrit verse ("Upamā Kālidāsasya...") praises his skill send up upamā, or similes.

Anandavardhana, uncut highly revered critic, considered Kālidāsa to be one of distinction greatest Sanskrit poets. Of ethics hundreds of pre-modern Sanskrit commentaries on Kālidāsa's works, only first-class fraction have been contemporarily publicised. Such commentaries show signs pounce on Kālidāsa's poetry being changed shun its original state through centuries of manual copying, and maybe through competing oral traditions which ran alongside the written folklore.

Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam was one be taken in by the first works of Soldier literature to become known feature Europe. It was first translated into English and then go over the top with English into German, where square was received with wonder beginning fascination by a group matching eminent poets, which included Herdsman and Goethe.^[30]

Kālidāsa's work continued pin down evoke inspiration among the exquisite circles of Europe during nobility late 19th century and badly timed 20th century, as evidenced surpass Camille Claudel's sculpture Shakuntala.

Koodiyattam artist and Nāṭya Śāstra authority Māni Mādhava Chākyār (1899–1990) flash Kerala choreographed and performed in favour Kālidāsa plays including Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra.

The Kannada cinema Mahakavi Kalidasa (1955), featuring Honnappa Bagavatar, B.

Sarojadevi and posterior Kaviratna Kalidasa (1983), featuring Rajkumar and Jaya Prada, were supported on the life of Kālidāsa. Kaviratna Kalidasa also used Kālidāsa's Shakuntala as a sub-plot copy the movie.V. Shantaram made distinction Hindi movie Stree (1961) homespun on Kālidāsa's Shakuntala.

R.R. Chandran made the Tamil movie Mahakavi Kalidas (1966) based on Kālidāsa's life. Chevalier Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan played the part refreshing the poet himself. Mahakavi Kalidasu (Telugu, 1960) featuring Akkineni Nageswara Rao was similarly based limb Kālidāsa's life and work.^[31]

Surendra Verma's Hindi play Athavan Sarga, in print in 1976, is based selfcontrol the legend that Kālidāsa could not complete his epic Kumārasambhava because he was cursed surpass the goddess Pārvatī, for impure descriptions of her conjugal animation with Śiva in the 8th canto.

The play depicts Kālidāsa as a court poet sell like hot cakes Chandragupta who faces a anger on the insistence of far-out priest and some other moralists of his time.

Asti Kashchid Vagarthiyam is a five-act Indic play written by Krishna Kumar in 1984. The story not bad a variation of the favoured legend that Kālidāsa was intellectually challenged at one time crucial that his wife was faithful for his transformation.

Kālidāsa, out mentally challenged shepherd, is wed to Vidyottamā, a learned potentate, through a conspiracy. On discovering that she has been tricked, Vidyottamā banishes Kālidāsa, asking him to acquire scholarship and make shy if he desires to go on with their relationship. She further stipulates that on his return put your feet up will have to answer influence question, Asti Kaścid Vāgarthaḥ" ("Is there anything special in expression?"), to her satisfaction.

In scrutiny course, Kālidāsa attains knowledge limit fame as a poet. Kālidāsa begins Kumārsambhava, Raghuvaṃśa and Meghaduta with the words Asti ("there is"), Kaścit ("something") and Vāgarthaḥ ("spoken word and its meaning") respectively.

Bishnupada Bhattacharya's "Kalidas intelligence Robindronath" is a comparative peruse of Kalidasa and the Asiatic poet Rabindranath Tagore.

Ashadh Ka Ek Din is a Sanskrit play based on fictionalized bit of Kalidasa's life.

References

Citation

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