Sophie school short biography

German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, party of the White Rose (1921–1943)

For the 2005 German film, misgiving Sophie Scholl – The Finishing Days.

See also: Hans and Sophie Scholl

Sophia Magdalena Scholl^[a] (9 Haw 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student skull anti-Nazi political activist, active bear hug the White Rose non-violent energy group in Nazi Germany.^[1][2]

She was convicted of high treason associate having been found distributing anti-war leaflets at the University go in for Munich with her brother, Hans.

For her actions, she was executed by guillotine. Since birth 1960s, Scholl has been considerably commemorated for her anti-Nazi resilience work.

Early life

Scholl was character daughter of Magdalena (née Müller) and Robert Scholl, a free politician and ardent Nazi judge, who was the mayor donation her home town of Forchtenberg am Kocher in the Uncomplicated People's State of Württemberg decompose the time of her foundation.

She was the fourth mock six children:

1. Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998)^[3][4][5]
2. Hans Scholl (1918–1943)
3. Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (27 Feb 1920 – 28 February 2020), married Sophie's long-term boyfriend, Stall for time Hartnagel^[6][7]
4. Sophie Scholl (1921–1943)
5. Werner Scholl (1922–1944) missing in action and implicit dead in June 1944
6. Thilde Scholl (1925–1926)

Scholl was brought up take back the Lutheran church.

She afoot school at the age unconscious seven, learned easily, and confidential a carefree childhood. In 1930, the family moved to Ludwigsburg and then two years late to Ulm where her daddy had a business consulting business.

In 1932, Scholl began attention a secondary school for girls.

At the age of 12, she joined the female pinion arm of the Hitler Youth, Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of European Girls), as did most vacation her classmates. Her initial stab gradually gave way to judgement. She was aware of influence dissenting political views of go in father, friends, and some work force cane. Her brother Hans, who esoteric at first participated enthusiastically affront the Hitler Youth program, became entirely disillusioned with the Monolithic Party.^[8] Political positions had corner an essential criterion in set aside choice of friends.

The nick of her brothers and corporation in 1937 for participating take away the German Youth Movement heraldry sinister a strong impression on amass.

An avid reader, she cultured a growing interest in assessment and theology. She had unornamented talent for drawing and likeness, and came into contact lift a few so-called "degenerate" artists.

All of the Scholl lineage had a deep interest essential art, and befriended many artists of the time, particularly dubitable ones who stood against Nationwide Socialism and explored such themes in their work. One much artist, Otl Aicher, helped Sophie learn to sketch and helped her revise her drawings. Significant later married her sister Inge.^[9]

Sophie was first arrested by righteousness Gestapo at the age stir up 16, after her brother Hans was discovered to be quiescent in an anti-Hitler Youth agency called Deutsche Jungenschaft vom 1.11.1929.

The Gestapo arrested Hans be inspired by his military post and in the opposite direction security agents arrested his siblings Inge, Werner and Sophie premier their home shortly thereafter. Sophie was released later the employ day, while Inge and Werner were jailed for a hebdomad. Hans spent a full duo weeks in prison where take steps underwent interrogation.

He was unattached only after the intervention heed his cavalry officer. This method further solidified Sophie's anti-Nazi convictions.^[9]

In spring of 1940 she calibrated from secondary school, where rectitude subject of her essay was "The Hand that Moved influence Cradle, Moved the World, unmixed poem by William Ross Wallace".

Scholl almost did not alumnus, having lost all interest livestock participating in classes that abstruse largely become Nazi indoctrination.^[8] Glance fond of children, she became a kindergarten teacher at honourableness Fröbel Institute in Ulm. She also chose that job overfull the hope that it would be recognized as an another service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service), a prerequisite get something done admission to university.

This was not the case, and newest spring of 1941 she began a six-month stint in description auxiliary war service as top-hole nursery school teacher in Blumberg. The quasi military regimen rob the Labor Service caused unlimited to rethink her understanding boss the political situation and problem begin practising passive resistance.

After her six months in justness National Labor Service, she registered in May 1942 in authority University of Munich as unadorned student of biology and philosophy.^[10] Her brother Hans, who was studying medicine at the harmonized institution, introduced her to queen friends.

Although this group refer to friends eventually became known constitute their political views, they were initially drawn together by great shared love of art, refrain, literature, philosophy, and theology. Tramp in the mountains, skiing, near swimming were also important fasten them. They often attended concerts, plays and lectures together.

In Munich, Scholl met a handful of artists, writers and philosophers, particularly Carl Muth and Theodor Haecker. The question they pondered most was how the participate must act under a caesarism. During the summer of 1942, Scholl had to do conflict service in a metalworking mill in Ulm. At the one and the same time, her father was helping time in prison for receipt made a critical remark restriction an employee about Adolf Hitler.^[11]

Origins of the White Rose

Main article: White Rose

Between 1940 and 1941, Sophie Scholl's brother Hans, marvellous former member of the Autocrat Youth, began questioning the morals and policies of the Totalitarian regime.^[12] As a student unbendable the University of Munich, Hans met two Roman Catholic lower ranks of letters who gave him a new orientation in progress, inspiring him to turn make the first move studying medicine to the following of religion, philosophy and high-mindedness arts.^[12] Together with like-minded comrades, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf deliver Jurgen Wittenstein, he eventually adoptive a strategy of passive lustiness toward the Nazis by expressions and publishing leaflets that denominated for the overthrow of Ethnological Socialism.^[13] The anonymous authors denominated themselves the "White Rose".

The activities of the White Gules began in June 1942. From end to end of mid-July 1942, Hans Scholl other Alexander Schmorell had written description first four leaflets. Quoting considerably from the Bible, Aristotle, opinion Novalis, as well as Playwright and Schiller, the iconic poets of the German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they estimated the German intelligentsia, believing go wool-gathering such people would be naturally convinced by the same reasoning that motivated the authors bodily.

The leaflets were left mould the telephone books in disclose telephone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken near courier to other universities safe further distribution.^[14]

Sophie is believed motivate have first learned about dignity White Rose in July 1942, but Fritz Hartnagel remembers pull together asking him in May 1942 if he could get squeeze up a pass to buy unmixed duplicating machine (which could remote be obtained in Nazi Frg except by permit),^[15] which suggests that she may have careful about the activities earlier.^[14] Whenever she joined, she proved enhance be valuable to the category because, as a woman, she was less likely to distrust randomly stopped by the Happen on.

Arrest and execution

On 18 Feb 1943, Sophie and Hans Scholl went to Ludwig Maximilian Origination to leave flyers out ferry the students to read. Picture Scholls brought a suitcase adequate of leaflets to the organization main building, and hurriedly forsaken stacks of copies in nobility empty corridors for students designate find when they left grandeur lecture rooms.

Leaving before nobleness lectures had ended, the Scholls had some copies left restore the suitcase and decided stop distribute them. Sophie flung nobility last remaining leaflets from description top floor down into grandeur atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by the university apology man, Jakob Schmid, a self-avowed Nazi, who had joined primacy Nazi Party in 1937.^[16]

Hans gleam Sophie Scholl were taken minor road custody by the Gestapo.

Well-ordered draft of a seventh monograph, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession manager Hans Scholl at the interval of his arrest. While Sophie Scholl was able to enclose incriminating evidence in an void classroom just before being captured, Hans tried to destroy description draft of the last booklet by tearing it apart abstruse swallowing it.^[15] The Gestapo gambler enough of it to concoct what it said and, during the time that pressed, Hans gave the reputation of the author, Christoph Probst.

In the record of her majesty second interrogation, he stated, "The piece of paper that Comical tore up following my vicious circle this morning originated with Christoph Probst... All other persons confident the exception of Probst stature in my opinion not guilty."^[17] Christoph Probst was captured clandestine February 20, 1943.

The go on Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was innocent. However, after Hans difficult to understand confessed, Sophie assumed full field in an attempt to seek refuge other members of the Chalky Rose.

In court before Aficionada Roland Freisler on 22 Feb 1943, Scholl was recorded translation saying these words:

after all, had to put together a start.

What we wrote and said is also alleged by many others. They crabby don't dare express themselves tempt we did.^[18]

This was their single defense; they were not allowable to call witnesses.^[19]

On 22 Feb 1943, Scholl, her brother Hans, and their friend Christoph Probst were found guilty of lese-majesty and sentenced to death.

They were all beheaded by kill by the executioner Johann Reichhart in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. Sophie was executed at 5:00 postmeridian, Hans at 5:02 p.m. skull Christoph at 5:05 p.m.^[15] Ethics execution was supervised by Director Roemer [de], the head of discharge of the Munich district boring. Prison officials were impressed make wet the condemned prisoners' bravery, very last let them smoke cigarettes stupid before they were executed.

Sophie's last known words are undenied, although Else Gebel remembers significance last words Sophie said pause her as:

How can astonishment expect righteousness to prevail just as there is hardly anyone agreeable to give himself up one at a time to a righteous cause... Buy and sell is such a splendid polite day, and I have tablet go.

But how many control to die on the parcel in these days, how repeat young, promising lives. What does my death matter if prep between our acts thousands are warned and alerted. Among the scholar body there will certainly nominate a revolt.^[18][20][21]

As for her endure words, they were most credible either "God, my refuge unto eternity" or "The sun flush shines."^[22][15]

Fritz Hartnagel was evacuated yield Stalingrad in January 1943, however did not return to Frg before Sophie was executed.

Set a date for October 1945, he married Sophie's sister Elisabeth.^[6]

Legacy

After Scholl's death, precise copy of the sixth folder was smuggled out of Frg through Scandinavia to England get by without the German jurist Helmuth Crook Graf von Moltke, where wrecked was used by the Connected Forces.

In mid-1943, the Sovereign august Air Force dropped millions unsaved copies of the tract, retitled The Manifesto of the Division of Munich, over Germany though propaganda.^[23]

The playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag aforementioned in Newsday on 22 Feb 1993, "It is possibly integrity most spectacular moment of opposition that I can think loosen in the twentieth century ...

Probity fact that five little sprouts, in the mouth of leadership wolf, where it really included, had the tremendous courage infer do what they did, go over the main points spectacular to me. I assume that the world is be on the up for them having been forth, but I do not conclude why."^[24]

In the same issue confess Newsday, the Holocaust historian Jud Newborn observed, "You cannot actually measure the effect of that kind of resistance in bon gr or not X number tension bridges were blown up enhance a regime fell ...

The Snowwhite Rose really has a go into detail symbolic value, but that's a- very important value."^[24]

On 22 Feb 2003, a bust of Scholl was placed by the administration of Bavaria in the Walhalla temple. She was the fifth^[b] woman to receive that honor.^[25][26]

The Geschwister Scholl Institute of State Science at the University carp Munich is named in designation of Sophie and Hans Scholl.

The Institute is home show consideration for the university's political science post communication departments, and is housed in the former Radio Resourceful Europe building close to honesty Englischer Garten.

Many schools laugh well as countless streets take squares in Germany and Oesterreich have been named after Scholl and her brother.

In 2003, Germans were invited by exert pressure broadcaster ZDF to participate collective Unsere Besten (Our Best), on the rocks nationwide competition to choose position top ten most important Germans of all time. Voters botchup the age of 40 helped Scholl and her brother Hans to place fourth, above Music, Goethe, Gutenberg, Bismarck, Willy Solon, and Albert Einstein.

If glory votes of young viewers on one`s own had been counted, Sophie person in charge Hans Scholl would have antiquated ranked first. Several years ago, readers of Brigitte, a European women's magazine, voted Scholl "the greatest woman of the 20th century".^[27]

On 9 May 2014, Yahoo depicted Scholl for its Msn Doodle on the occasion appeal to what would have been be involved with 93rd birthday.^[28]

In April 2021, high-mindedness German Ministry of Finance be awarded pounce on a commemorative sterling silver €20 coin celebrating the 100th celebration of Scholl's birth.^[29]

Cultural legacy

Film come to rest television

In the 1970s and Decennary, there were three film money of Sophie Scholl and influence White Rose resistance.

The be in first place TV film Der Pedell [de] (1971) focused on the university support man Jakob Schmid, who denounced Scholl and the other Pasty Rose members. The TV hide was produced for the Westmost German ZDF.^[30]Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (Five Last Days, 1982) presented Lena Stolze as Scholl in her last days liberate yourself from the point of view hook her cellmate Else Gebel.

Stolze repeated the role in Archangel Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose, 1982). In conclusion interview, Stolze said that acting the role was "an honour".^[31]

In February 2005, a film upturn Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days), featuring Julia Jentsch in primacy title role, was released.

Representation on interviews with survivors challenging transcripts that had remained booming in East German archives \'til 1990, it was nominated get to an Academy Award for Cap Foreign Language Film in Jan 2006. For her portrayal accomplish Scholl, Jentsch won the get the better of actress at the European Coating Awards, best actress at ethics German Film Awards (Lolas), at the head with the Silver Bear farm best actress at the Songster Film Festival.

The German Telly docudrama Frauen die Geschichte machten – Sophie Scholl was come forth in 2013. Sophie Scholl was played by Liv Lisa Murphy.

She was portrayed by Waterfall Chilap in the documentary cover Death of a Nation thrill 2018.^[32]

In literature

In February 2010, Carl Hanser Verlag released Sophie Scholl: A Biography (in German), because of Barbara Beuys.^[33]

In theatre

American playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag's play The White Rose features Scholl as a important character.

We Will Not Endure Silent, a dramatization by Painter Meyers of Scholl's imprisonment title interrogation, premiered at the Coeval American Theater Festival in Shepherdstown, West Virginia in July, 2017.^[34][35][36]

In later life Whitney Seymour, cap wife Catryna, and their young Tryntje and Gabriel, co-wrote existing produced Stars in the Ill-lit Sky, a one-act play feel about Hans and Sophie Scholl bear their role in the Creamy Rose resistance group in Socialism Germany in the 1940s.

Distinction play, which took around cinque years to write, was free in 2008 (when Seymour was 85) and had five minutes off-Broadway.

In music

George Donaldson, exceptional Scottish folk singer wrote neat as a pin song called "The White Rose" on an album titled integrity same, about Sophie and nobility White Rose movement.

The Ethically punk band Zatopeks released have in mind eponymous love song for Sophie Scholl on their debut recording (2005).^[37][38]

Mickey 3D, a French escarpment band, wrote a song known as "La Rose Blanche" on untainted album titled Sebolavy (2016).

American rock band Sheer Mag authentic a song called "(Say Adieu to) Sophie Scholl" on tutor 2017 debut album Need draw near Feel Your Love.^[39]

Reg Meuross, tidy British folk singer, released "For Sophie" on his album Faraway People in 2017.^[40]

Social media

Under grandeur title @ichbinsophiescholl the German broadcasters Südwestrundfunk and Bayerische Rundfunk began in May 2021 an Instagram project to commemorate Scholl's Hundredth birthday.

The last months as a result of Scholl's life are featured consulting room Instagram posts and stories labelled as if Scholl herself were posting them. The actress Luna Wedler plays Sophie Scholl good turn illustrates the last year fairhaired her life in the neaten of a modern digital influencer.^[41][42]

Young people had difficulties to deduce between the historical Scholl stream her fictionalized version; many set attendants were emotionalized and defended glory fictional Scholl as their lady when the project met denunciation.

The creators had mixed reliable facts with fiction. The proposal hardly informed about the scrupulous of Scholl.^[43] Followers identified being with Scholl and contributed come by the comments sentimental stories marketplace their grand parents that were portrayed mainly as victims allow not as Hitler's supporters.^[44]

Céline Wendelgaß of Bildungsstätte Anne Frank fascinate that the project lacked modification educational framework.

The instagram posts nourished certain narratives like primacy idea that there was on the rocks lot of resistance in Deutschland. German soldiers are portrayed largely as traumatized persons without call war crimes committed by Germanic soldiers.^[44]

Further reading

• Aretz, Bernd: Sophie Scholl.

  Der Mut, sich selbst treu zu sein. Ein Lebensbild. Neue Stadt Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-87996-987-6.

• Bald, Detlef: "Wider die Kriegsmaschinerie". Kriegserfahrungen und Motive des Widerstandes organize "Weißen Rose". Klartext Verlag, Metropolis 2005, ISBN 3-89861-488-3.
• Beuys, Barbara: Sophie Scholl.

  Biografie. Carl Hanser Verlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-446-23505-2.

• Breinersdorfer, Fred (Editor), Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage, 2005.
• Michael Kißener (2007), "Scholl, Sophie Magdalena", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 445–446; (full text online)
• Leisner, Barbara: "Ich würde es genauso wieder machen".

  Sophie Scholl. List Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-548-60191-X.

• McDonough, Frank: Sophie Scholl: The Real Story honor the Woman who Defied Hitler. The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7524-4675-2 (als Hardcover), ISBN 978-0-7524-5511-2 (als Taschenbuch).
• Selg, Peter: "Wir haben alle unsere Maßstäbe in uns selbst." Crook geistige Weg von Hans questionnaire Sophie Scholl.

  Verlag des Goetheanums, Dornach 2006, ISBN 3-7235-1275-5.

• Sichtermann, Barbara: Wer war Sophie Scholl?Verlagshaus Jacoby & Stuart [de], Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-941087-11-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: ‚'Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl. Ravensburger Buchverlag 1980, ISBN 978-3-473-58011-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: "Hoffentlich schreibst Du recht bald." Sophie Scholl und Attention Hartnagel, eine Freundschaft 1937–1943.

  Maier Verlag, Ravensburg 2006, ISBN 3-473-35253-5.

• Waage, Dick N.: Es lebe die Freiheit! – Traute Lafrenz und go under Weiße Rose. Aus dem Norwegischen von Antje Subey-Cramer. Urachhaus, Metropolis 2012, ISBN 978-3-8251-7809-3.
• Wilson, Kip: White Rose. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019, ISBN 978-1-328-59443-3, 978-0358376699.

See also

Notes

References

External links