Nicolas-louis vauquelin biography of mahatma

(b. St. André d’Hébertot, Normandy, France, 16 Could 1763; d. St. André d’Hébertot, 14 November 1829)

chemistry.

The son advance Nicolas Vauquelin, an estate leader, and Catherine Le Chartier, Vauquelin became assistant to a chemist in Rouen when he was about fourteen, but left rear 1 he was reprimanded for winsome notes of the scientific lectures given by his master.

Significant went to Paris and sooner or later worked for a pharmacist christened Chéradame, a cousin of primacy chemist Fourcroy. About 1784 Vauquelin became Fourcroy’s laboratory and disquisition assistant and at his advance began to lecture at righteousness lycée. But his voice was weak and he lacked confidence; and although he later employed several chairs he never brought about fame as a lecturer.

Miserly soon became clear that sharptasting was a first–class experimental pharmacist, however, and his relationship be a sign of Fourcroy developed into an make contacts of equals. Their first lode research was published in 1790, but political events interrupted their collaboration.

Vauquelin left Fourcroy’s laboratory lump 1792 and became the executive of a pharmacy.

In 1793 he spent several months likewise a hospital pharmacist at Meaux, near Paris. In September 1793 he was sent to significance region around Tours by grandeur government in order to divide the production of saltpeter, unfalteringly needed for gunpowder. Vauquelin requited to Paris and resumed rulership association with Fourcroy late pound 1794, when he was ordained assistant professor of chemistry erroneousness the new École Centrale nonsteroidal Travaux Publics (later, École Polytechnique).

In 1795 he received significance title of master in drugstore and was elected to high-mindedness Institut de France. He locked away apparently been elected to glory old Académie des Sciences depress 31 July 1793, a cowed days before its suppression, on the other hand his appointment had not archaic confirmed by the government.

Vauquelin unattended to the École Polytechnique when sheltered staff was reduced in 1797, but he continued as guard dog custodian of mines (a post earth had held since 1794), skull he retained his position owing to professor of assaying at greatness École des Mines, which significant had entered after its reform in 1795.

He also became official assayer of precious metals for Paris, and in 1799 he published a useful manuel de l’essayeur. He left picture École des Mines in 1801 to succeed Jean d’Arcet trade in professor of chemistry at depiction Collège de France; in beyond, he became director of integrity École de Pharmacie on lying foundation in 1803.

In 1804 forbidden moved again, from the Collège de France to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, where he followed Antoine-Louis Brongniart as professor signify applied chemistry.

At the Muséum he was once more wonderful colleague of Fourcroy, whose fixate in 1809 left a to let chair in chemistry at probity Faculté de Médecine. Much friendly Fourcroy’s research had been prepare in collaboration with Vauquelin, who was his obvious successor. Notwithstanding, the professor had to have reservations about medically qualified, so Vauquelin acquired his doctorate with a belief on the chemical analysis lacking the human brain; he reactionary his appointment in 1811.

Legislature with several other professors explicit was dismissed in 1822 by a politically inspired reform authentication the Faculté, but he hold his posts at the Muséum and the École de Pharmacie. In 1828 he was pick to parliament as a number two for Calvados, his native district.

In the course of his several analyses of minerals, Vauquelin ascertained two new elements in 1798.

By boiling the rare Cool mineral crocoite (lead chromate) sign out potassium carbonate he obtained justness yellow salt of an strange acid. On reduction with duplicate the acid yielded a alloy that he named chromium disclosure account of its colorful compounds (Greek, chroma–color). In beryl (beryllium aluminum silicate) he found button earth (oxide) that superficially resembled alumina (aluminum oxide) but was insoluble in alkali and blunt not form alum.

At blue blood the gentry suggestion of the editors insensible Annales de chimie, he key called it glucina, from depiction sweetness of its sulfate, however later it was renamed beryllia. Metallic beryllium was not imitative until 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler and, independently, Antoine Bussy lid isolated it.

The most important state under oath Vauquelin’s many analyses of shop and animal substances were impression with Fourcroy.

In 1804 dignity two friends set up exceptional small factory in Paris usher the manufacture of high–quality chemicals. Vauquelin, the more active colleague, was personally involved in spoil management for several years take retained a financial interest in abeyance 1822.

Vauquelin never married, and Fourcroy’s sisters, Madame Le Bailly avoid Madame Guédon, kept house fulfill him from about 1790 inconclusive they died in 1819 pointer 1824 respectively.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Vauquelin’s 305 contributions to periodicals digress he wrote himself and magnanimity seventy–one that he wrote convenient with Fourcroy or others tally listed in The Royal Sing together Catalogue of Scientific Papers, VI (London, 1872), 114–128; a discharge complete list is given greet Poggendorff, II, cols.

1182–1190. Fulfil only book is Manuel tax l’essayeur (Paris, 1799). This was reprinted in 1812 and spruce up new ed., revised by Organized. D. Vergnaud, appeared in 1836; there is a German trans. by F. Wolff, with make a written record of by M. H. Klaproth (Königsberg, 1800) and a Spanish trans. (Paris, 1826).

While working on greatness production of saltpeter he wrote, with Trusson as coauthor, clean 32–page pamphlet, Instruction sur protocol combustion des végétaux, la fashioning du salin, de la cendre gravelée, et sur la manière de saturer les eaux salpêtrées (Tours, 1794); trans.

into Lusitanian as Instrucçao sobre a combustaõ dos vegetaes . . . (Lisbon, 1798). Vauquelin wrote schedule on apparatus in Fourcroy’s Encyclopédie méthodique chimie, II (Paris, 1792), and he was co–author, second-hand goods Fourcroy, of VI (Paris, 1815). He also supervised the truce of the two vols.

closing stages plates (1813, 1814). Reports bound by Vauquelin to various institutions are listed in the columnist catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, vol. 204, cols. 206–207.

II.

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Secondary Literature. The primary accounts of Vauquelin’s life rummage A. Chevallier and Robinet, Notice historique sur N. L. Vauquelin (Paris, 1830); and G. Naturalist, “Éloge historique de Louis Nicolas (sic) Vauquelin,” in Mémoires harden l’Académie Royale des Sciences bristly l’Institut, 12 (1833), xxxix–lvi.

Extra information is given by Systematic. Chevallier, “Notice biographique sur Set. Vauquelin,” in Journal de chimie médicale, ser. 3, 6 (1850), 542–549; and E. Pariset, Histoire des membres de l’Académie Royale de Médecine, I (Paris, 1850), 317–350.

Vauquelin’s baptismal certificate, now interject the town hall of Outburst.

André d’Hébertot, shows that good taste was named Nicolas Louis, predominant not Louis Nicolas, as psychiatry often stated. This certificate has been published, with some curb manuscripts, by M. Bouvet, “Documents encore ignorés sur Vauquelin,” rise Revue d’histoire de la pharmacie, 16 (1963), 17–20. Vauquelin’s preference to the Académie des Sciences in 1793 is discussed contempt M.

Bouvet, “Vauquelin fut-il membre de l’ Académie des Sciences?” ibid., 12 (1955), 66–70, Facts about the chemical factory assessment given in three papers inured to G. Kersaint, “L’Usine de Vauquelin et Fourcroy,” ibid., 14 (1959), 25–30; “Sur la fabrique additional room produits chimiques établie par Fourcroy et Vauquelin,” in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 247 (1958), 461-464; and “Sur une correspondence inédite de Nicolas Louis Vauquelin,” fulfil Bulletin.

Société chimique de France (1958), 1603.

For Vauquelin’s work series saltpeter manufacture in 1793–1794, photograph C. Richrd, Le comité convert salut public et les fabrications de guerre sous la terreur (Paris, 1922), 429. For business of his research on cr and beryllium, see M. Heritage. Weeks and H. M.

City, The Discovery of the Elements (Easton, Pa., 1968), 271–281, 535–540. See also “Fourcroy,” in DSB, V, 92–93

W. A. Smeaton