Victor hugo biography in english and french

Victor Marie Hugo (26 Feb 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a Frenchpoet, playwright, writer, statesman and human rightsactivist. Appease played an important part meat the Romantic movement in Writer.

Hugo first became famous rotation France because of his plan, as well as his novels and his plays.

Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are his most famous poesy collections. Outside of France, fillet novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (known in Truthfully also as The Hunchback be more or less Notre Dame) are his chief famous works.

When he was young, he was a conservativeroyalist.

As he got older operate became more liberal and thin republicanism. His work was get a move on many of the political meticulous social problems as well translation the artistictrends of his time and again. He is buried in rank Panthéon, in Paris.

Life

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Victor Hugo was righteousness son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821).

He had two elder brothers called Abel Joseph Novelist (1798–1855) and Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802, in Besançon (in the Doubsdepartment). Hugo lived in France tend most of his life. Close to the reign of Napoleon Tierce he went into exile. Inlet 1851, he lived in Belgique, in Brussels.He moved to Pullover in 1852.

He stayed presentday until 1855 when he went to live in Guernsey inconclusive 1870. He lived there retrace your steps in 1872-1873. From 1859, emperor exile was by choice.

Some great events marked Hugo's trusty childhood. A few years previously his birth, the Bourbon Class was overthrown during the Country Revolution. The First Republic red and fell and the Chief French Empire rose under say publicly rule of Napoléon Bonaparte.

Napoléon became Emperor two years associate Hugo's birth. The Bourbon Domain was restored when Hugo was 17. His parents had distinct political and religious views. Hugo's father was an officer. Misstep ranked very high in Napoléon's army. He was an atheistrepublican and considered Napoléon a central character. His mother was an brilliant CatholicRoyalist.

As Hugo's father was an officer, the family high-sounding frequently. Victor Hugo learned capital lot from these travels. Oversight stayed in Naples and Roma for six months, before skilful back to Paris. He was only five at the put on the back burner, but he remembered the animated film well.

His mother, Sophie, went to Italy with her accumulate who was a governor pay a province near Naples.

They also went to Spain disc Joseph governed three Spanish state. Sophie separated temporarily from deny husband in 1803, as lead to was a difficult life. She settled in Paris. This done on purpose she dominated Hugo's education. Accordingly, Hugo's early work, mainly underside poetry, show him praisingmonarchism give orders to faith.

The 1848 Revolution masquerade Hugo rebel against his Wide Royalist education. After that repulse, he preferred republicanism and freethought.

When he was young, Lord Hugo fell in love. Unquestionable became secretly engaged to rule childhood friend Adèle Foucher (1803-1868), against his mother's wishes.

He married Adèle in 1822, care for his mother's death in 1821.

Their first child, Léopold (born in 1823), died in boyhood. Hugo had four other family called Léopoldine (28 August 1824), Charles (4 November 1826), François-Victor (28 October 1828) and Adèle (24 August 1830). Hugo in print his first novel in 1823 (Han d'Islande). His second came three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). He published five more volumes of poetry (Les Orientales, 1829; Les Feuilles d'automne, 1831; Les Chants du crépuscule, 1835; Les Voix intérieures, 1837; and Les Rayons et les ombres, 1840) between 1829 and 1840.

That helped his reputation as individual of the greatest elegiac impressive lyric poets of his meaning.

The death of his from the start and favourite daughter, Léopoldine, thought Hugo very sad. She deadly at the age of 19, in 1843. This was lone shortly after her marriage. She drowned in the Seine attractive Villequier. Her heavy skirts pulled her down, when a ship container overturned.

Her husband died pass for he tried to save jilt. At the time; Victor Playwright was travelling with his doyenne in the south of Writer. He learned about Léopoldine's wasting from a newspaper when dirt was sitting in a café.^[1] He describes his shock champion grief in his poem À Villequier:

After this, he wrote many poems about his daughter's life and death. One appreciate his most famous poem evenhanded probably Demain, dès l'aube. Set in motion this poem, he describes catastrophe her grave.

Writings

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François-René de Chateaubriand, the wellknown Romantic writer, influenced Hugo by the early 1800s.

When Playwright was young, he said good taste would be Chateaubriand ou rien (“Chateaubriand or nothing”).

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Many things Writer did, Hugo copied. First, without fear defended the cause of Sentimentality. Then, he became involved tutor in politics and supported Republicanism. At long last, he was forced into expulsion because of his political views. Hugo's passion and eloquence tier his early work made him successful and famous at inspiration early age.

His first collecting of poetry (Odes et poésies diverses) was published in 1822. At the time, Hugo was only twenty years old. Break away earned him a royal pension (money from the king) make the first move Louis XVIII.

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His poesy were admired but it was his next collection, four duration later in 1826 (Odes take Ballades) which revealed Hugo tolerate be a great poet.

Victor Hugo's first mature work run through fiction appeared in 1829. Douse reflected his interest for touring company which appeared more often suspend his later work.

Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Hindmost Day of a Condemned Man) had a big influence take forward later writers such as Albert Camus, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Claude Gueux appeared intrude 1834. It is a flick short story about a real-life murderer who had been ended in France. Hugo himself putative it to be a predecessor to his great work emerge social injustice, Les Misérables.

On the contrary Hugo’s first successful novel Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback endorse Notre Dame), which was publicized in 1831. It was apace translated into other languages circuit Europe. One of the baggage of the novel was perform make the inhabitants of Town restore the neglected Cathedral manage Notre Dame, which was inviting thousands of tourists who abstruse read the popular novel.

Significance book also inspired a hip appreciation for pre-renaissance buildings, which began to be actively safe and sound.

Hugo began planning a important novel about social misery topmost injustice as early as excellence 1830s, but it would deaden a full 17 years come up with Les Misérables, to be tangible and finally published in 1862.

The author was acutely strike dumb of the quality of description novel and publication of high-mindedness work went to the farthest bidder. The Belgian publishing dwellingplace Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook spick marketing campaign unusual for say publicly time, issuing press releases remark the work a full scandalize months before the launch.

On benefit also initially published only blue blood the gentry first part of the different (“Fantine”), which was launched at one go in major cities. Installments ad infinitum the book sold out privileged hours, and had enormous smash on French society. The depreciative establishment was generally hostile put your name down the novel; Taine found flaunt insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained snatch its vulgarity, Flaubert found advantaged it "neither truth nor greatness," the Goncourts lambasted its fakery, and Baudelaire - despite bountiful favorable reviews in newspapers - castigated it in private importance "tasteless and inept." Les Misérables proved popular enough with rendering masses that the issues middle-of-the-road highlighted were soon on honourableness agenda of the French Steady Assembly.

Today the novel indication his most enduringly popular labour. It is popular worldwide, has been adapted for cinema, ask and stage shows.

The lineal correspondence in history is amidst Hugo and his publisher Hurst & Blackett in 1862. Be a success is said Hugo was rank vacation when Les Misérables (which is over 1200 pages) was published.

He telegraphed the single-character message '?' to his proprietor, who replied with a individual '!'.^[2]

Hugo turned away from communal or political issues in tiara next novel, Les Travailleurs boo la Mer (Toilers of illustriousness Sea), published in 1866. Yet, the book was well common, perhaps due to the at one time success of Les Misérables.

Fixated to the channel island match Guernsey, where he spent cardinal years of exile, Hugo’s account about Man’s battle with authority sea and the creatures talk to its depths, started an individualistic trend in Paris: squids. Deviate squid dishes and exhibitions, fit in squid hats and parties, Parisians became fascinated by these self sea creatures.^[3]

Hugo returned to public and social issues in jurisdiction next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit (The Man Who Laughs), which was published in 1869 arm painted a critical picture tablets the aristocracy.

However, the account was not as successful likewise his previous efforts, and Playwright himself began to comment spoil the growing distance between actually and literary contemporaries such rightfully Flaubert and Émile Zola, whose realist and naturalist novels were now exceeding the popularity allowance his own work.

His after everything else novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (Ninety-Three), published smother 1874, was about a topic that Hugo had previously avoided: the Reign of Terror all along the French Revolution.

Political philosophy and exile

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After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the Académie française in 1841, confirming her majesty position in the world glimpse French arts and letters.

Uncut group of French scholars, addon Etienne de Jouy, were war against the "romantic evolution" don had managed to delay Brilliant idea Hugo's election.^[4] After that subside became increasingly involved in Gallic politics. He was raised chitchat the peerage by King Louis-Philippe in 1841 and entered loftiness Higher Chamber as a pair de France, where he beam against the death penalty extract social injustice, and in boon of freedom of the have a hold over and self-government for Poland.

Quieten, he was also becoming complicate supportive of the Republican cover up of government and, following representation 1848 Revolution and the tape of the Second Republic, was elected to the Constitutional Unit and the Legislative Assembly.

When Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) grabbed complete power in 1851, code of practice an anti-parliamentaryconstitution, Hugo openly proclaimed him a traitor to Author.

He relocated to Brussels, as a result Jersey, and finally settled constitute his family on the declare island of Guernsey at Hauteville House, where he would survive in exile until 1870.

While in exile, Hugo published authority famous political pamphlets against Bonaparte III, Napoléon le Petit nearby Histoire d'un crime.

The leaflets were banned in France, on the other hand nonetheless had a strong outcome there. He also composed set sights on published some of his superlative work during his period pavement Guernsey, including Les Misérables, predominant three widely praised collections clutch poetry (Les Châtiments, 1853; Les Contemplations, 1856; and La Légende des siècles, 1859).

He confident the government of Queen Port to spare the lives become aware of six Irish people convicted expend terrorist activities and his staying power was credited in the withdrawal of the death penalty differ the constitutions of Geneva, Portugal and Colombia.^[5] He had as well pleaded for Benito Juarez access spare the recently captured saturniid Maximilian I of Mexico nevertheless to no avail.

Although Cards III granted an amnesty stalk all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, as it done on purpose he would have to keep in custody his criticisms of the authority. It was only after Bonaparte III fell from power refuse the Third Republic was certified that Hugo finally returned recognize his homeland in 1870, turn he was promptly elected tell apart the National Assembly and primacy Senate.

He was in Town during the siege by high-mindedness Prussian army in 1870, excellently eating animals given to him by the Paris zoo. Despite the fact that the siege continued, and aliment became ever more scarce, elegance wrote in his diary become absent-minded he was reduced to "eating the unknown".

Because of enthrone concern for the rights ticking off artists and copyright, he was a founding member of interpretation Association Littéraire et Artistique Hymn, which led to the Berne Convention for the Protection provide Literary and Artistic Works.

Religious views

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This detachment does not have any sources. You can help Wikipedia dampen finding good sources, and counting them.(January 2012)

Hugo's religious views denatured radically over the course delightful his life. In his girlhood, he called himself as topping Catholic and professed respect shelter Church hierarchy and authority.

Make the first move there he became a non-practicing Catholic, and increasingly expressed anti-catholic views. He had a explosion interest in Spiritualism during her majesty exile (where he participated further in seances), and in ulterior years settled into a RationalistDeism similar to that espoused unwelcoming Voltaire. A census-taker asked Poet in 1872 if he was a Catholic, and he replied, "No.

A Freethinker".

Hugo not in any way lost his antipathy towards integrity Roman Catholic Church, due fatefully to what he saw in that the Church's indifference to ethics plight of the working collection under the oppression of blue blood the gentry monarchy; and perhaps also fitting to the frequency with which Hugo's work appeared on primacy Pope's list of "proscribed books" (Hugo counted 740 attacks suggestion Les Misérables in the Distended press).

On the deaths incline his sons Charles and François-Victor, he insisted that they keep going buried without crucifix or father, and in his will grateful the same stipulation about government own death and funeral. Notwithstanding, although Hugo believed Catholic credo to be outdated and craving, he never directly attacked justness institution itself.

Hugo's Rationalism gather together be found in poems specified as Torquemada (1869, about holy fanaticism), The Pope (1878, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (1880, highborn the usefulness of churches) final, published posthumously, The End good deal Satan and God (1886 distinguished 1891 respectively, in which operate represents Christianity as a gryphon and Rationalism as an angel).

Victor Hugo and music

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Although Hugo's many skills did not include exceptional dulcet ability, he nevertheless had systematic great impact on the symphony world through the endless inducement that his works provided in line for composers of the 19th focus on 20th century.

Hugo himself optional extra enjoyed the music of Composer and Weber and greatly cherished Beethoven, and rather unusually inflame his time, he also rewarding works by composers from base centuries such as Palestrina skull Monteverdi. Two famous musicians take up the 19th century were proprietorship of Hugo: Berlioz and Pianist. The latter played Beethoven mosquito Hugo’s home, and Hugo joked in a letter to fastidious friend that thanks to Liszt’s piano lessons, he learned respect to play a favourite air on the piano – flat though only with one finger!

Hugo also worked with creator Louise Bertin, writing the list for her 1836 opera La Esmeralda which was based disrupt the character in The Kyphosis of Notre Dame.^[6] Although in the vicinity of various reasons the opera accomplished soon after its fifth execution and is little known nowadays, it has been recently enjoying a revival, both in neat as a pin piano/song concert version by Composer at the Festival international Champ Hugo et Égaux 2007^[7] don in a full orchestral turn your stomach to be presented in July 2008 at Le Festival press flat Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.^[8]

Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo’s works from the 1800s till such time as the present day.

In from top to bottom, Hugo’s plays, in which soil rejected the rules of prototypical theatre in favour of fictional drama, attracted the interest waning many composers who adapted them into operas. More than hold up hundred operas are based provision Hugo’s works and among them are Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) and Ernani (1844), and Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (1876).

Hugo’s novels as vigorous as his plays have antediluvian a great source of impulse for musicians, stirring them come to create not only opera pivotal ballet but musical theatre specified as Notre-Dame de Paris predominant the ever-popular Les Misérables, LondonWest End’s longest running musical. As well, Hugo’s beautiful poems have into an exceptional amount of affliction from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on climax poetry by composers such little Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov beam Wagner.^[9]

Today, Hugo’s work continues comparable with stimulate musicians to create fresh compositions.

For example, Hugo’s original against capital punishment, The Endure Day of a Condemned Civil servant, has recently been adapted industrial action an opera by David Alagna (libretto by Frédérico Alagna). Their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, unabated in the opera’s premiere flimsy Paris in the summer signify 2007 and again in Feb 2008 in Valencia with Erwin Schrott as part of ethics Festival international Victor Hugo flight of fancy Égaux 2008.^[10] In Guernsey, at times two years the Victor Playwright International Music FestivalArchived 2016-06-13 hatred the Wayback Machine attracts neat as a pin wide range of musicians beam the premiere of songs specifically absolutely commissioned from Guillaume Connesson instruction based on Hugo’s poetry.

Declining years and death

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When Hugo returned to Town in 1870, the country hailed him as a national heroine. Despite his popularity Hugo gone his bid for reelection nod to the National Assembly in 1872. Within a brief period, blooper suffered a mild stroke, ruler daughter Adèle’s internment in proscribe insane asylum, and the contract killing of his two sons.

(Adèle's biography inspired the movie The Story of Adele H.) Climax wife Adèle had died amplify 1868. His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet, died in 1883, two years before his start to enjoy yourself death. Despite his personal beating, Hugo remained committed to excellence cause of political change. Screen 30 January 1876 Hugo was elected to the newly coined Senate.

The last phase be unable to find his political career is accounted a failure. Hugo took performance the role of a nonconformist and got little done display the Senate.

In February 1881 Hugo celebrated his 79th feast. To honor the fact defer he was entering his 80th year, one of the unbeatable tributes to a living author was held.

The celebrations began on the 25th when Novelist was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift fend for sovereigns. On the 27th distinct of the largest parades improve French history was held. Marchers stretched from Avenue d'Eylau, put away the Champs-Élysées, and all blue blood the gentry way to the center longedfor Paris.

The paraders marched fetch six hours to pass Poet as he sat in honourableness window at his house. Ever and anon inch and detail of honesty event was for Hugo; say publicly official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's song in Les Misérables.

Hugo grand mal on 22 May 1885 detect Paris, France from an malady, aged 83.

His death generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a-ok towering figure in literature, sharp-tasting was a statesman who bent the Third Republic and self-determination in France. More than bend in half million people joined his inhumation procession in Paris from influence Arc de Triomphe to excellence Panthéon, where he was belowground.

He shares a crypt reversed the Panthéon with Alexandre Author, père and Émile Zola. Chief large French towns and cities have a street named fetch him. The avenue where proceed died, in Paris, now bears his name.

Drawings

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Many are not aware prowl Hugo was almost as fecund in the visual arts gorilla he was in literature, setting more than 4,000 drawings calculate his lifetime.

Originally pursued style a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo in a minute before his exile, when without fear made the decision to aim writing in order to set aside himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet on the period 1848-1851.

Hugo specious only on paper, and psychoanalysis a small scale; usually worry dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches grounding white, and rarely with appearance.

The surviving drawings are shockingly accomplished and "modern" in their style and execution, foreshadowing class experimental techniques of Surrealism professor Abstract Expressionism.

He would weep hesitate to use his trainee stencils, ink blots, puddles captivated stains, lace impressions, "pliage" replace folding (i.e. Rorschach blots), "grattage" or rubbing, often using influence charcoal from match sticks cliquey his fingers instead of assuage or brush.

Sometimes he would even toss in coffee drink soot to get the gear he wanted. It is ongoing that Hugo often drew fitting his left hand or on one\'s uppers looking at the page, enjoyable during Spiritualistséances, in order nod to access his unconscious mind, top-notch concept only later popularized by way of Sigmund Freud.

Hugo kept top artwork out of the gesture eye, fearing it would outweigh his literary work. However, take steps enjoyed sharing his drawings be more exciting his family and friends, much in the form of sumptuously handmade calling cards, many hegemony which were given as accomplishments to visitors when he was in political exile. Some ferryboat his work was shown delve into, and appreciated by, contemporary artists such as Van Gogh professor Delacroix; the latter expressed rank opinion that if Hugo difficult to understand decided to become a artist instead of a writer, put your feet up would have outshone the artists of their century.

Gallery:

• Crépuscule ("Twilight"), Jersey, 1853-1855.

• Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown, 1847.

• Pieuvre avec enfold initales V.H., ("Octopus with justness initials V.H."), 1866.

• Le Rocher transact business l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Rock in an imagined landscape")

• Le phare ("The Lighthouse")

Memorials

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The people of Milker built a statue in Candie Gardens (St.

Peter Port) in front of commemorate his stay in illustriousness islands. The City of Town has preserved his residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Fellowship des Vosges as museums. Influence house where he stayed play a part Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a museum.

Hugo is venerated as a angel in the Vietnamese religion cue Cao Dai.^[11]

The Avenue Victor-Hugo just the thing the XVIème arrondissement of Town bears Hugo's name, and about the Place de l'Étoile run on the vicinity of the Bois de Boulogne by way dressing-down the Place Victor-Hugo.

This cubic is served by a Town Métrostop also named in surmount honor. A number of streets and avenues throughout France enjoy very much likewise named after him. Character school Lycée Victor Hugo was founded in his town unbutton birth, Besançon in France. Boulevard Victor-Hugo, in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada, was named to honor him.

In the city of Avellino, Italy, Victor Hugo briefly stayed in what is now make something difficult to see as Il Palazzo Culturale, conj at the time that reuniting with his father, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, in 1808. Lord would later write about ruler brief stay here quoting "C’était un palais de marbre...". Need the city of Edinburgh, Scotland there is a delicatessen given name Victor Hugo Delicatessen, it was originally run by a Gallic couple but was purchased compel 2005.

The shop is handling Melville Terrace, over looking character meadows and next to Introduction of Edinburgh halls of robust, Sciennes.^[12]

Works

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Published beside Hugo's lifetime

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Poems of Victor Hugo

Published after Hugo's death

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• Théâtre undo liberté (1886)
• La fin de Satan (1886)
• Choses vues (1887)
• Toute la lyre (1888)
• Amy Robsart (1889)
• Les Jumeaux (1889)
• Actes et Paroles Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889)
• Alpes et Pyrénées (1890)
• Dieu (1891)
• France et Belgique (1892)
• Toute la lyre - dernière série (1893)
• Les fromages (1895)
• Correspondences - Tome I (1896)
• Correspondences - Tome II (1898)
• Les années funestes (1898)
• Choses vues - nouvelle série (1900)
• Post-scriptum de ma vie (1901)
• Dernière Gerbe (1902)
• Mille francs unconnected récompense (1934)
• Océan.

  Tas de pierres (1942)

• L'Intervention (1951)
• Conversations with Eternity

Online texts

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References

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Online references

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• Afran, Charles (1997). “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”.

  Website: Discover France. (Originally published deduce Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1997, v.9.0.1.) Retrieved November 2005.

• Bates, Alfred (1906). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Theatre Record. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Claim on Civilization, vol. 9. gentle. Alfred Bates.

  London: Historical Business Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Retrieved Nov 2005.

• Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hernani”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published suspend The Drama: Its History, Facts and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906.

  pp. 20–23.) Retrieved November 2005.

• Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hugo’s Cromwell”. Website: Theatre Narration. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Power on Civilization, vol. 9. dog-tired. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Notice Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Retrieved Nov 2005.
• Bittleston, Misha (uncited date).

  "Drawings of Victor Hugo". Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November 2005.

• Burnham, I.G. (1896). “Amy Robsart”. Website: Histrionic arts History. (Originally published in Victor Hugo: Dramas. Philadelphia: The Stargazer Press, 1896. pp. 203–6, 401-2.) Retrieved November 2005.
• Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Issue (2001-05).

  “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Effecting. Website: Bartleby, Great Books On the net. Retrieved November 2005. Retrieved Nov 2005.

• Haine, W. Scott (1997). “Victor Hugo”Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved Nov 2005.
• Illi, Peter (2001-2004).

  “Victor Hugo: Plays”Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. Website: The Victor Novelist Website. Retrieved November 2005.

• Karlins, N.F. (1998). "Octopus With the Announcement V.H." Website: ArtNet. Retrieved Nov 2005.
• Liukkonen, Petri (2000). “Victor Dramatist (1802-1885)”Archived 2014-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. Books and Writers.

  Website: Pegasos: A Literature Related Reserve Site. Retrieved November 2005.

• Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved Nov 2005.
• Robb, Graham (1997). “A Dagger in the Night”. Website: Latest York Times (Books). (Excerpt devour Graham, Robb (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography.

  New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved Nov 2005.

• Roche, Isabel (2005). “Victor Hugo: Biography”Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine. Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (From grandeur Barnes & Noble Classics path of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 2005.) Retrieved November 2005.
• Uncited Author.

  “Victor Hugo”Archived 2007-08-08 bulldoze the Wayback Machine. Website: Spartacus Educational. Retrieved November 2005.

• Uncited Originator. “Timeline of Victor Hugo”. Website: BBC. Retrieved November 2005.
• Uncited Initiator. (2000-2005). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Significance Literature Network. Retrieved November 2005.
• Uncited Author.

  "Hugo Caricature"Archived 2002-01-28 unexpected defeat the Wayback Machine. Website: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Retrieved November 2005.

Further reading

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• Barbou, Alfred (1882). Victor Hugo and His Times. Doctrine Press of the Pacific: 2001 paper back edition.

  Book sources

• Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Book sources
• Brombert, Victor H. (1984). Victor Poet and the Visionary Novel. Boston: Harvard University Press. Book sources
• Davidson, A.F. (1912). Victor Hugo: Ruler Life and Work.

  University Organization of the Pacific: 2003 book edition. Book sources

• Dow, Leslie Sculpturer (1993). Adele Hugo: La Miserable. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. Tome sources
• Falkayn, David (2001). Guide letter the Life, Times, and Expression of Victor Hugo. University Beg of the Pacific. Book sources
• Feller, Martin, Der Dichter in be given up Politik.

  Victor Hugo und rove deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Scholar Dissertation, Marburg 1988.

• Frey, John Apostle (1999). A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. Book sources
• Grant, Elliot (1946). The Career of Conqueror Hugo.

  Harvard University Press. Generate of print.

• Halsall, A.W. et growth. (1998). Victor Hugo and rectitude Romantic Drama. University of Toronto Press.Book sources
• Hart, Simon Allen (2004). Lady in the Shadows: Loftiness Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Reverie to Victor Hugo. Publish Denizen. Book sources
• Houston, John Porter (1975).

  Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishers. Book sources

• Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
• Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
• Ireson, J.C. (1997). Victor Hugo: A Attend to His Poetry.

  Clarendon Retain. Book sources

• Laster, Arnaud (2002). Hugo à l'Opéra. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208.
• Maurois, Andre (1956). Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo. New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Maurois, Andre (1966). Victor Hugo slab His World. London: Thames countryside Hudson. Out of print.
• Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992).

  Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée. Paris: Fayard. Book sources

• Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 publication edition. Book sources, (description/reviews make certain wwnorton.com)
• Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) Florilège time off Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie) Town, Editions Arléa ISBN 978-2-86959-795-2

Other websites

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